25mm厚钢板产生层间撕裂的原因和防治

层间撕裂并非是厚板独有的质量问题 ,结合工程实例 ,分析 2 5mm厚低合金钢板产生层间撕裂的原因。通过对钢材的超声波探伤检测、化学成分分析和Z向性能检测 ,指出层间撕裂主要与节点设计不当和钢材内非金属夹杂物偏析、分层有关 ,并提出了预防措施。对产生裂纹的构件视严重情况提出了不同的修补处理方法     

Possibilities and extension of XRD material response analysis in failure research for the advanced evaluation of the damage level of Hertzian loaded components

Due to clearly distinguishable damage symptoms, it is differentiated between the surface and sub‐surface failure mode of rolling bearings. Material states red out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurements point to a variety of loading conditions especially at raceway surfaces that are associated with several competing failure mechanisms. The corresponding lifetime reduction can range from the lower fatigue strength region to material ratcheting in extreme cases. Relevant position of the microstructural changes and nature of the failure mechanisms are characterized. The time alteration of the XRD material parameters measured at or near the surface and at the depth of the maximum equivalent stress correlates, in a different manner, with the statistical parameter of the 10 % bearing life. Both failure modes are illustrated by concrete examples. Contaminated lubricant and boundary lubrication, which represent practically important surface‐induced failures, are discussed in more detail. Gray staining, i.e. shallow pitting, often occurs without distinct indication of global material aging by means of XRD characteristics. Here, scanning electron microscopy observations and electron microprobe analyses point to corrosion fatigue as acting surface failure mechanism. The interaction between material and lubricant under complex loading regimes particularly of mixed friction and corrosion opens further failure research areas in the field of tribology.     

Schäden durch kerbinduzierte Schwingbrüche

Failures by notch induced fatigue fractures Notches produce local stress concentrations and promote the formation of fatigue cracks. Characteristic types of notches as a result of design, manufacturing and operation are presented and remedial measures are discussed. Examples demonstrate the effect of different kinds of notches on various components.     

Thermomechanical stress fields in high-temperature fibrous composites. I: Unidirectional laminates

This two-part paper presents a closed-form procedure for evaluation of estimates of local thermomechanical stress fields in two-phase fibrous composites and laminates. The first part is concerned with a unidirectional elastic laminate subjected to uniform mechanical loads and to uniform changes in temperature. Both phases are assumed to be elastic, with temperature-dependent moduli and expansion coefficients; the solution reflects the influence of thermomechanical interactions. Exact solutions are not possible for any real system, because the local geometry is not known in detail. Instead, estimates of the fields are found from a modified Mori-Tanaka approximation. Examples are presented for two SiC/Ti---Al---Nb composites. Local stresses of interest are found after cooling from fabrication to room temperature. The presence of local yielding, and the influence of coupling terms on the local stress magnitudes are examined. Extension of the results to laminated plates is presented in Part II (Dvorak, G.J., Chen, T. & Teply, J., Composites Science and Technology, 43 (1992) 359–368, this issue).     

孔径法测量铜带残余应力的试验研究

介绍了用于薄板残余应力测量的新方法——孔径法,该方法是通过测量冲孔直径的变化来间接求出各方向的残余应力;文中详细阐述了残余应力的标定方法;由于可针对不同材料建立了被测材料的平均应力(σ_l)与被测板材宽度(B)、厚度(H)以及冲孔后直径变化率(△D_i/D)之间的数学模型,因而使薄板残余应力测量变得简便而经济;此外还对该方法的分辨率与测量精度进行了实验、计算与分析。     

Rene′95粉末合金喷丸强化研究

研究了Ｒｅｎｅ′９５热等静压粉末高温合金喷丸后的残余应力场、组织结构、致密度及其与疲劳性能的关系。结果指出，喷丸强化能够有效地提高合金高周和低周疲劳强度。     

垂直平行束状孔爆破模型试验与分析

垂直平行密集束状孔落矿有底柱崩落法是一种新的采矿方法。通过爆破模型试验，测试爆破应力，观察分析爆破效果，探求最佳布孔形式，选择最优爆破孔网参数。试验结果表明：用平行束状孔取代扇形落矿，改善了爆破效果，简化了采场结构，减少了采切工程量。     

Electrochemical intercalation in NiOx thin films

In this work we investigated the mechanism of the electrochemical intercalation reactions in rf sputtered nickel oxide thin films electrodes by two techniques: mechanical stress change measurements by means of an optical technique and mass changes using an electrochemical quartz microbalance (EQCM). The experiments were performed in alkaline electrolytes containing cations of the first column of the periodic table. Reversible mass and volume changes were observed. In order to explain these experimental results, an exchange reaction is proposed, in which the oxidation process is accompanied by the deinteractional of a relative large number of “light” cations, simultaneously with the intercalation of a smaller number of heaviest cations.     

Longitudinal elastic waves in columns due to earthquake motion

An analysis is presented of longitudinal waves in a thin elastic column. Velocity is specified at one end, and the boundary condition at the other end is expressed in terms of a range of effective impedances of an attached structure. Propagation, reflection and interference of the waves are followed by the method of characteristics. Integration of differential equations along characteristics yields the wave-induced stress, which is then applied to problems of earthquake excitation. Numerical examples are given for recorded updown ground motion of the Kobe Earthquake.     

Surface stress effects on the thermodynamics of epitaxy

An analysis of the thermodynamics of epitaxy in thin films is presented which includes the effects of the surface stresses of the free surface and the film-substrate interface. It is shown that these effects, which are usually ignored in the theory of epitaxy, can have a major influence on both the critical thickness for epitaxy and on the partitioning of the misfit strain between the volume elastic strain and interface dislocations.